Pyrazolate-Bridged NHC Cyclometalated [Pt2] Complexes and [Pt2Ag(PPh3)]+ Clusters in Electroluminescent Devices.

The ionic transition metal complexes (iTMCs) [{Pt(C∧C*)(µ-Rpz)}2Ag(PPh3)]X (HC∧C* = 1-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-3-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-ylidene, X = ClO4/PF6; Rpz = pz 1a/2a, 4-Mepz 1b/2b, and 3,5-dppz 1c/2c) were prepared from the neutral [{Pt(C∧C*)(µ-Rpz)}2] (Rpz = pz A, 4-Mepz B, and 3,5-dppz C) and fully characterized. The "Ag(PPh3)" fragment is in between the two square-planar platinum units in an "open book" disposition and bonded through two Pt-Ag donor-acceptor bonds, as shown by X-ray diffraction (dPt-Ag ∼ 2.78 Å, 1a-1c). 195Pt{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR confirmed that these solid-state structures remain in solution. Photoluminescence studies and theoretical calculations on 1a, were performed. The diphenylpyrazolate derivatives show the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in the solid state. Therefore, 2c and its neutral precursor C were selected as active materials on light-emitting devices. OLEDs fabricated with C showed a turn-on voltage of 3.2 V, a luminance peak of 21,357 cd m-2 at 13 V, and a peak current efficiency of 28.8 cd A-1 (9.5% EQE). They showed a lifetime t50 of 15.7 h. OLEDs using 2c showed a maximum luminance of 114 cd m-2, while LECs exhibited a maximum luminance of 20 cd m-2 and a current efficiency of around 0.2 cd A-1, with a t50 value of 50 min.

The Future of Chemical Sciences is Sustainable.

Chemistry, a vital tool for sustainable development, faces a challenge due to the lack of clear guidance on actionable steps, hindering the optimal adoption of sustainability practices across its diverse facets from discovery to implementation. This Scientific Perspective explores established frameworks and principles, proposing a conciliated set of triple E priorities anchored on Environmental, Economic, and Equity pillars for research and decision making. We outline associated metrics, crucial for quantifying impacts, classifying them according to their focus areas and scales tackled. Emphasizing catalysis as a key driver of sustainable synthesis of chemicals and materials, we exemplify how triple E priorities can practically guide the development and implementation of processes from renewables conversions to complex customized products. We summarize by proposing a roadmap for the community aimed at raising awareness, fostering academia-industry collaboration, and stimulating further advances in sustainable chemical technologies across their broad scope.

Choosing T-cell sources determines CAR-T cell activity in neuroblastoma.

Introduction: The clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) for hematological malignancies has not been reproduced for solid tumors, partly due to the lack of cancer-type specific antigens. In this work, we used a novel combinatorial approach consisting of a versatile anti-FITC CAR-T effector cells plus an FITC-conjugated neuroblastoma (NB)-targeting linker, an FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibody (Dinutuximab) that recognizes GD2. Methods: We compared cord blood (CB), and CD45RA-enriched peripheral blood leukapheresis product (45RA) as allogeneic sources of T cells, using peripheral blood (PB) as a control to choose the best condition for anti-FITC CAR-T production. Cells were manufactured under two cytokine conditions (IL-2 versus IL-7+IL-15+IL-21) with or without CD3/CD28 stimulation. Immune phenotype, vector copy number, and genomic integrity of the final products were determined for cell characterization and quality control assessment. Functionality and antitumor capacity of CB/45RA-derived anti-FITC CAR-T cells were analyzed in co-culture with different anti-GD2-FITC labeled NB cell lines. Results: The IL-7+IL-15+IL-21 cocktail, in addition to co-stimulation signals, resulted in a favorable cell proliferation rate and maintained less differentiated immune phenotypes in both CB and 45RA T cells. Therefore, it was used for CAR-T cell manufacturing and further characterization. CB and CD45RA-derived anti-FITC CAR-T cells cultured with IL-7+IL-15+IL-21 retained a predominantly naïve phenotype compared with controls. In the presence of the NB-FITC targeting, CD4+ CB-derived anti-FITC CAR-T cells showed the highest values of co-stimulatory receptors OX40 and 4-1BB, and CD8+ CAR-T cells exhibited high levels of PD-1 and 4-1BB and low levels of TIM3 and OX40, compared with CAR-T cells form the other sources studied. CB-derived anti-FITC CAR-T cells released the highest amounts of cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) into co-culture supernatants. The viability of NB target cells decreased to 30% when co-cultured with CB-derived CAR-T cells during 48h. Conclusion: CB and 45RA-derived T cells may be used as allogeneic sources of T cells to produce CAR-T cells. Moreover, ex vivo culture with IL-7+IL-15+IL-21 could favor CAR-T products with a longer persistence in the host. Our strategy may complement the current use of Dinutuximab in treating NB through its combination with a targeted CAR-T cell approach.

The CF3 Group as a Synthon of the CF+ Unit in Palladium Chemistry.

The homoleptic trifluoromethyl-palladium(II) complex [Pd(CF3)4]2- (1) is shown to be highly active towards amines. Thus, when treated with primary amines RNH2, it readily undergoes aminolysis of one of the CF3 ligands affording the isocyanide complexes [(CF3)3Pd(CNR)]- (R = aryl). In this process the original CF3 group undergoes total defluorination. Interestingly, the reaction of 1 with secondary amines R2NH proceeds with loss of just two F-substituents, whereby the Fischer-type fluoroaminocarbene complexes [(CF3)3Pd(CFNR2)]- are formed (R = Et, Ph). The reaction of 1 with diamines affords different [(CF3)3Pd(NHC)]- complexes containing sterically non-demanding NHC ligands. Representative examples of various topologies are reported based on the common imidazolidin-2-ylidene or benzimidazolin-2-ylidene rings as well as the expanded-ring perimidin-2-ylidene. This metal-tailored synthetic route, where a CF3 group acts as a pre-carbenic unit, is unprecedented in the vast NHC-chemistry. It takes place under very mild conditions and is envisaged to be extensible to other non-isolable NHC ligands. The key difluorocarbene intermediate [(CF3)3Pd(CF2)]- is experimentally detected.

An international worldwide retrospective cohort observational study comparing primary cytoreductive surgery with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreductive surgery in patients with carcinoma of the ovary, fallopian tubes, and peritoneum (SUROVA trial).

BACKGROUND: Currently, a lively debate exists within the scientific community regarding the most suitable procedure for treating stages IIIB-IVB carcinoma of the ovary, fallopian tubes, and peritoneum. The options under most consideration are primary cytoreductive surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreductive surgery. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To compare overall survival at 5 years in patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreductive surgery for stage IIIB-IVB ovarian cancer STUDY HYPOTHESIS: The treatment with primary cytoreductive surgery results in superior patient survival compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreductive surgery. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a multicenter, retrospective cohort observational study. Data will be collected from patients undergoing surgery in hospitals worldwide. Two arms will be compared: primary cytoreductive surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreductive surgery. MAJOR INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients must have suspected or histologically confirmed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IIIB-IVB ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancers. They must have undergone primary surgery or first course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019. Based on all available information before the surgery (primary or interval), the patient must have been considered completely resectable. PRIMARY ENDPOINT: Overall survival at 5 years from the first treatment (chemotherapy in the case of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cytoreduction in the case of primary cytoreductive surgery). SAMPLE SIZE: An estimated total of 5000 patients will be enrolled in the study. ESTIMATED DATES FOR COMPLETING ACCRUAL AND PRESENTING RESULTS: March 2025 TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06223763.

Clinical evaluation of a low-coverage whole-genome test for detecting homologous recombination deficiency in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: The PAOLA-1/ENGOT-ov25 trial showed that maintenance olaparib plus bevacizumab increases survival of advanced ovarian cancer patients with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). However, decentralized solutions to test for HRD in clinical routine are scarce. The goal of this study was to retrospectively validate on tumor samples from the PAOLA-1 trial, the decentralized SeqOne assay, which relies on shallow Whole Genome Sequencing (sWGS) to capture genomic instability and targeted sequencing to determine BRCA status. METHODS: The study comprised 368 patients from the PAOLA-1 trial. The SeqOne assay was compared to the Myriad MyChoice HRD test (Myriad Genetics), and results were analyzed with respect to Progression-Free Survival (PFS). RESULTS: We found a 95% concordance between the HRD status of the two tests (95% Confidence Interval (CI); 92%-97%). The Positive Percentage Agreement (PPA) of the sWGS test was 95% (95% CI; 91%-97%) like its Negative Percentage Agreement (NPA) (95% CI; 89%-98%). In patients with HRD-positive tumors treated with olaparib plus bevacizumab, the PFS Hazard Ratio (HR) was 0.38 (95% CI; 0.26-0.54) with SeqOne assay and 0.32 (95% CI; 0.22-0.45) with the Myriad assay. In patients with HRD-negative tumors, HR was 0.99 (95% CI; 0.68-1.42) and 1.05 (95% CI; 0.70-1.57) with SeqOne and Myriad assays. Among patients with BRCA-wildtype tumors, those with HRD-positive tumors, benefited from olaparib plus bevacizumab maintenance, with HR of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.29-0.79) and of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.23 to 0.63) with the SeqOne and Myriad assay. CONCLUSION: The SeqOne assay offers a clinically validated approach to detect HRD.

NIR-II Emission from Cyclometalated Dinuclear Pt(III) Complexes.

Half-lantern Pt(II) dinuclear complexes [{Pt(C∧Npz)(µ-S∧NR)}2] (HC∧Npz = 1-naphthalen-2-yl-1H-pyrazole; R = H, HS∧N: 2-mercaptopyrimidine 1; R = CF3, HS∧NF: 4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidine 2) were selectively obtained as single isomers with the C∧N groups in an anti-arrangement and rather short metallophilic interactions (dPt-Pt = 2.8684(2) Å for 2). They reacted with haloforms in the air and sunlight to obtain the corresponding oxidized diplatinum(III) derivatives [{Pt(C∧Npz)(µ-S∧NR)X}2] (X = Cl (1-Cl), Br (1-Br), I (1-I, 2-I)). The single-crystal X-ray structures exhibit Pt-Pt distances typical for the existence of a metal-metal bond, which evidence fairly well the influence of the axial ligand (X). The reactions of 1 and 2 with CHI3 in the dark afforded mixtures of [IPt(C∧Npz)(µ-S∧N)2Pt(C∧Npz)CHI2] and 1-I or 2-I, with the former being the major species under an Ar atmosphere, while the reactions of 1 with CHBr3 and CHCl3 need light to occur. These Pt2(III,III) complexes display low-energy absorptions and emissions that strongly depend on the axial ligand. In the solid state, they show a broad NIR emission ranging from 985 to 1070 nm at RT that suffers a hypsochromic shift when cooling down to 77 K. The photoemissive behavior of the dinuclear Pt(II) and Pt(III) systems is disclosed with the aid of density functional theory calculations.

Progression-free survival and safety at 3.5 years of follow-up: results from the randomized phase 3 PRIMA/ENGOT-OV26/GOG-3012 trial of niraparib maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer - a plain language summary.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: This PLSP provides a short summary of an original scientific article that presented results from the PRIMA study after 3.5 years of follow-up time. The original article was published in the European Journal of Cancer in 2023. The PRIMA study included adult patients with newly diagnosed advanced high-risk ovarian cancer whose tumors shrunk or became undetectable after treatment with chemotherapy with or without surgery. The PRIMA study evaluated how well the drug niraparib, also known as Zejula, worked at delaying or preventing ovarian cancer from coming back (recurring) or getting worse (progressing) compared with placebo (a substance with no effects that a doctor gives to a patient instead of a drug). The first results from the PRIMA study were published in 2019, when patients had participated in the PRIMA study for about 1.2 years. The article this PLSP is based on reports longer-term data from the PRIMA study, when patients had participated in the PRIMA study for about 3.5 years. Patients were monitored (or followed) for a longer time to understand how well niraparib continued to work and to evaluate whether the safety of niraparib changed with additional time being monitored. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS?: Patients who took niraparib had more time before their cancer came back or got worse than patients who took placebo. In terms of safety, no new types of side effects with niraparib treatment were observed with additional time being monitored as part of the PRIMA study. WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN?: These results support that niraparib remains an important treatment option to help delay the cancer from coming back or getting worse in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer that responded to initial treatment. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02655016 (PRIMA study) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Biomarkers of efficacy and safety of the academic BCMA-CART ARI0002h for the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: BCMA-CARTs improve results obtained with conventional therapy in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. However, the high demand and expensive costs associated with CART therapy might prove unsustainable for health systems. Academic CARTs could potentially overcome these issues. Moreover, response biomarkers and resistance mechanisms need to be identified and addressed to improve efficacy and patient selection. Here, we present clinical and ancillary results of the 60 patients treated with the academic BCMA-CART, ARI0002h, in the CARTBCMA-HCB-01 trial. METHODS: We collected apheresis, final product, peripheral blood and bone marrow samples before and after infusion. We assessed BCMA, T-cell subsets, CART kinetics and antibodies, B-cell aplasia, cytokines, and measurable residual disease by next generation flow cytometry, and correlated these to clinical outcomes. RESULTS: At cutoff date March 17th 2023, with a median follow-up of 23.1 months (95%CI 9.2-37.1), overall response rate in the first 3 months was 95% (95%CI 89.5-100); cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was observed in 90% of patients (5% grades≥3) and grade 1 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome was reported in 2 patients (3%). Median progression-free survival was 15.8 months (95%CI 11.5-22.4). Surface BCMA was not predictive of response or survival, but soluble BCMA correlated with worse clinical outcomes and CRS severity. Activation marker HLA-DR in the apheresis was associated with longer progression-free survival and increased exhaustion markers correlated with poorer outcomes. ARI0002h kinetics and loss of B-cell aplasia were not predictive of relapse. CONCLUSION: Despite deep and sustained responses achieved with ARI0002h, we identified several biomarkers that correlate with poor outcomes.

Health-related quality of life in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer treated with niraparib vs placebo: Results from the phase 3 randomized PRIMA/ENGOT-OV26/GOG-3012 trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with ovarian cancer (OC) who received niraparib as first-line maintenance therapy. METHODS: PRIMA/ENGOT-OV26/GOG-3012 (NCT02655016) enrolled patients with newly diagnosed advanced OC who responded to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients were randomized (2:1) to niraparib or placebo once daily in 28-day cycles until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or death. HRQoL was assessed as a prespecified secondary end point using patient-reported responses to the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), the EORTC QLQ Ovarian Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-OV28), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Ovarian Symptom Index (FOSI), and EQ-5D-5L questionnaires. Assessments were collected at baseline and every 8 weeks (±7 days) for 56 weeks, beginning on cycle 1/day 1, then every 12 weeks (±7 days) thereafter while the patient received study treatment. RESULTS: Among trial participants (niraparib, n = 487; placebo, n = 246), PRO adherence exceeded 80% for all instruments across all cycles. Patients reported no decline over time in HRQoL measured via EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/QoL and FOSI overall scores. Scores for abdominal/gastrointestinal symptoms (EORTC QLQ-OV28) and nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, and constipation (EORTC QLQ-C30) were higher (worse symptoms) in niraparib-treated patients than placebo-treated patients; except for constipation, these differences resolved over time. Patients did not self-report any worsening from baseline of fatigue, headache, insomnia, or abdominal pain on questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some early, largely transient increases in gastrointestinal symptoms, patients with OC treated with niraparib first-line maintenance therapy reported no worsening in overall HRQoL.

Engineered T cells secreting anti-BCMA T cell engagers control multiple myeloma and promote immune memory in vivo.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in adults and remains an incurable disease. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed immunotherapy, including T cells bearing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and systemically injected bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs), has shown remarkable clinical activity, and several products have received market approval. However, despite promising results, most patients eventually become refractory and relapse, highlighting the need for alternative strategies. Engineered T cells secreting TCE antibodies (STAb) represent a promising strategy that combines the advantages of adoptive cell therapies and bispecific antibodies. Here, we undertook a comprehensive preclinical study comparing the therapeutic potential of T cells either expressing second-generation anti-BCMA CARs (CAR-T) or secreting BCMAxCD3 TCEs (STAb-T) in a T cell-limiting experimental setting mimicking the conditions found in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. STAb-T cells recruited T cell activity at extremely low effector-to-target ratios and were resistant to inhibition mediated by soluble BCMA released from the cell surface, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic responses and prevention of immune escape of multiple myeloma cells in vitro. These advantages led to robust expansion and persistence of STAb-T cells in vivo, generating long-lived memory BCMA-specific responses that could control multiple myeloma progression in xenograft models, outperforming traditional CAR-T cells. These promising preclinical results encourage clinical testing of the BCMA-STAb-T cell approach in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Insights for precision oncology from the integration of genomic and clinical data of 13,880 tumors from the 100,000 Genomes Cancer Programme.

The Cancer Programme of the 100,000 Genomes Project was an initiative to provide whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for patients with cancer, evaluating opportunities for precision cancer care within the UK National Healthcare System (NHS). Genomics England, alongside NHS England, analyzed WGS data from 13,880 solid tumors spanning 33 cancer types, integrating genomic data with real-world treatment and outcome data, within a secure Research Environment. Incidence of somatic mutations in genes recommended for standard-of-care testing varied across cancer types. For instance, in glioblastoma multiforme, small variants were present in 94% of cases and copy number aberrations in at least one gene in 58% of cases, while sarcoma demonstrated the highest occurrence of actionable structural variants (13%). Homologous recombination deficiency was identified in 40% of high-grade serous ovarian cancer cases with 30% linked to pathogenic germline variants, highlighting the value of combined somatic and germline analysis. The linkage of WGS and longitudinal life course clinical data allowed the assessment of treatment outcomes for patients stratified according to pangenomic markers. Our findings demonstrate the utility of linking genomic and real-world clinical data to enable survival analysis to identify cancer genes that affect prognosis and advance our understanding of how cancer genomics impacts patient outcomes.

CO2 Electroreduction To Syngas With Tunable Composition In An Artificial Leaf.

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Javier Pérez-Ramírez at ETH Zürich, which collaborated with the group of Tsvetelina Merdzhanova at Forschungszentrum Jülich. The image shows how artificial leaves, able to recycle carbon dioxide into syngas of variable composition, could be integrated with chemical plants. The Research Article itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202301398.

Benefits of rilpivirine for liver stiffness in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.

BACKGROUND: Rilpivirine (RPV) is an antiretroviral drug characterized by good tolerability and a favorable liver safety profile. Recent research has shown that RPV ameliorates liver fibrosis in animal models of various chronic liver diseases. Our study aimed to analyze the effect of RPV on liver fibrosis by assessing changes in liver stiffness using transient elastography. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients who were exposed and not exposed to RPV. The change in liver stiffness during the period between two transient elastography measurements was analyzed and compared for patients exposed and not exposed to RPV. RESULTS: We selected 118 RPV-exposed and 118 non-RPV-exposed HIV-infected patients. Median time between transient elastography (TE) measurements was 50 (29-68) months. A repeated-measures general linear model based on the main clinical characteristics revealed a significant decrease in the TE value of -0.8kPa in non-RPV-exposed patients (p=0.254) and -1.6kPa in the RPV-exposed group (p<0.001). The subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction in the TE value only patients cured of hepatitis C (RPV-exposed, -2.8kPa [p<0.001]; non-RPV-exposed, -1.1kPa [p=0.22]). CONCLUSION: RPV-based antiretroviral regimens significantly reduced liver stiffness, as measured by TE, in patients cured of chronic hepatitis C.

Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors: Primary Results From the DESTINY-PanTumor02 Phase II Trial.

PURPOSE: Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is a human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-directed antibody-drug conjugate approved in HER2-expressing breast and gastric cancers and HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Treatments are limited for other HER2-expressing solid tumors. METHODS: This open-label phase II study evaluated T-DXd (5.4 mg/kg once every 3 weeks) for HER2-expressing (immunohistochemistry [IHC] 3+/2+ by local or central testing) locally advanced or metastatic disease after ≥1 systemic treatment or without alternative treatments. The primary end point was investigator-assessed confirmed objective response rate (ORR). Secondary end points included safety, duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: At primary analysis, 267 patients received treatment across seven tumor cohorts: endometrial, cervical, ovarian, bladder, biliary tract, pancreatic, and other. The median follow-up was 12.75 months. In all patients, the ORR was 37.1% (n = 99; [95% CI, 31.3 to 43.2]), with responses in all cohorts; the median DOR was 11.3 months (95% CI, 9.6 to 17.8); the median PFS was 6.9 months (95% CI, 5.6 to 8.0); and the median OS was 13.4 months (95% CI, 11.9 to 15.5). In patients with central HER2 IHC 3+ expression (n = 75), the ORR was 61.3% (95% CI, 49.4 to 72.4), the median DOR was 22.1 months (95% CI, 9.6 to not reached), the median PFS was 11.9 months (95% CI, 8.2 to 13.0), and the median OS was 21.1 months (95% CI, 15.3 to 29.6). Grade ≥3 drug-related adverse events were observed in 40.8% of patients; 10.5% experienced adjudicated drug-related interstitial lung disease (ILD), with three deaths. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates durable clinical benefit, meaningful survival outcomes, and safety consistent with the known profile (including ILD) in pretreated patients with HER2-expressing tumors receiving T-DXd. Greatest benefit was observed for the IHC 3+ population. These data support the potential role of T-DXd as a tumor-agnostic therapy for patients with HER2-expressing solid tumors.

CO2 Electroreduction To Syngas With Tunable Composition In An Artificial Leaf.

Artificial leaves (a-leaves) can reduce carbon dioxide into syngas using solar power and could be combined with thermo- and biocatalytic technologies to decentralize the production of valuable products. By providing variable CO : H2 ratios on demand, a-leaves could facilitate optimal combinations and control the distribution of products in most of these hybrid systems. However, the current design procedures of a-leaves concentrate on achieving high performance for a predetermined syngas composition. This study demonstrates that incorporating the electrolyte flow as a design variable enables flexible production without compromising performance. The concept was tested on an a-leaf using a commercial cell, a Cu2 O:Inx cathodic catalyst, and an inexpensive amorphous silicon thin-film photovoltaic module. Syngas with CO : H2 ratio in the range of 1.8-2.3 could be attained with only 2 % deviation from the optimal cell voltage and controllable solely by catholyte flow. These features could be beneficial for downstream technologies such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and anaerobic fermentation.

Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment Changes after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with or without Bevacizumab in Advanced Ovarian Cancer (GEICO-89T/MINOVA Study).

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to elucidate the impact of bevacizumab added to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) on the tumor immune microenvironment and correlate the changes with the clinical outcome of the patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: IHC and multiplex immunofluorescence for lymphoid and myeloid lineage markers were performed in matched tumor samples from 23 patients with ovarian cancer enrolled in GEICO 1205/NOVA clinical study before NACT and at the time of interval cytoreductive surgery. RESULTS: Our results showed that the addition of bevacizumab to NACT plays a role mainly on lymphoid populations at the stromal compartment, detecting a significant decrease of CD4+ T cells, an increase of CD8+ T cells, and an upregulation in effector/regulatory cell ratio (CD8+/CD4+FOXP3+). None of the changes observed were detected in the intra-epithelial site in any arm (NACT or NACT-bevacizumab). No differences were found in myeloid lineage (macrophage-like). The percentage of Treg populations and effector/regulatory cell ratio in the stroma were the only two variables significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of bevacizumab to NACT did not have an impact on PFS in the GEICO 1205 study. However, at the cellular level, changes in CD4+, CD8+ lymphocyte populations, and CD8+/CD4+FOXP3 ratio have been detected only at the stromal site. On the basis of our results, we hypothesize about the existence of mechanisms of resistance that could prevent the trafficking of T-effector cells into the epithelial component of the tumor as a potential explanation for the lack of efficacy of ICI in the first-line treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. See related commentary by Soberanis Pina and Oza, p. 12.

Consumer Grade Polyethylene Recycling via Hydrogenolysis on Ultrafine Supported Ruthenium Nanoparticles.

Catalytic hydrogenolysis has the potential to convert high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which comprises about 30 % of plastic waste, into valuable alkanes. Most investigations have focused on increasing activity for lab grade HDPEs displaying low molecular weight, with limited mechanistic understanding of the product distribution. No efficient catalyst is available for consumer grades due to their lower reactivity. This study targets HDPE used in bottle caps, a waste form generated globally at a rate of approximately one million units per hour. Ultrafine ruthenium particles (1 nm) supported on titania (anatase) achieved up to 80 % conversion into light alkanes (C1 -C45 ) under mild conditions (498 K, 20 bar H2 , 4 h) and were reused for three cycles. Small ruthenium nanoparticles were critical to achieving relevant conversions, as activity sharply decreased with particle size. Selectivity commonalities and peculiarities across HDPE grades were disclosed by a reaction modelling approach applied to products. Isomerization cedes to backbone scission as the reaction progresses. Within this trend, low molecular weight favor isomerization whilst high molecular weight favor cleavage. Commercial caps obeyed this trend with decreased activity, anticipating the influence of additives in realistic processing. This study demonstrates effective hydrogenolysis of consumer grade polyethylene and provides selectivity patterns for product control.